On light in drops of water…
A couple of days ago, I linked to an article which talked about using a laser beam as a kind of microscopic projector. The collimated laser light passes into a small drop of water, and then casts the image of protozoa (or other small swimmers) onto the wall. Very cool, but I wasn’t entirely sure what was going on here. The actual physics of the image formation is remarkably complicated, so I thought I’d try to understand it more or less from first principles.
Warning: I could be totally wrong about this stuff. While I have all the right books to figure this stuff out, I haven’t dug them up or consulted them beyond some minor exploration of a couple of formulas.
I began by ignoring the wave theory of light entirely (which won’t get us very far, but it’s where I’m starting). What does the distribution of light look like when it is refracted through a spherical drop of water? I looked up the index of refraction for water (around 1.33) and wrote a simple 2D raytracer which uses Snell’s law to trace rays through a sphere. Here’s the result:
A collimated laser beam hitting a spherical drop...
A couple of things to notice: the beam doesn’t converge inside the water droplet: it is “focussed” in a region outside the sphere. It isn’t focused to a single point, it exhibits classic “spherical aberration”: the rays which hit the drop at different vertical positions cross the horizontal axis at different locations. This raytrace also implements what is known as “total internal reflection”: when a ray passes from a dense (say water) medium into a less dense medium, there is a critical angle where instead of refracting, the ray is reflected. It is a rather interesting quirk that this situation doesn’t occur in this hypothetical situation: all the rays hit the far side of the sphere at angles below the critical angle, and therefore exit the sphere after just two air/glass interactions.
If we zoom far back, we can see what the distributions of light should be:
Same diagram, zoomed way back...
The light is scattered in a smooth lobe out the far side of the laser. In Alan’s photos, you can see a very bright spot, which I suspect is caused largely by the fact that the droplets he was examining where very much smaller than the beamwidth of his laser, and you are simply seeing spillage around the laser light.
I was originally confused because I was thinking there simply had to be rays in this simple setup which would exhibit total internal reflection. My thinking was that rainbows appear opposite the sun in the sky, so there has to be a reflection to get light back into your eye. But the mechanism of this propagation isn’t by total internal reflection, it is governed by the Fresnel equations. Whenever light passes between two media which have differing refractive indices, both reflection and refraction may occur. The critical angle of Snell’s law is simply a subset of the behavior described by the Fresnel equations. Fresnel’s equations predict the reflectance and transmission at interfaces based upon the angles and media. Using this, you can determine that even at angles which are normal to the surface, you get some reflectance (in the case of air/water, about 2% of the light is bounced back). It is this Fresnel reflectance on the interior bounces which is apparently responsible for the appearance of rainbows.
(Of course, rainbows rely on the fact that the refractive index of a material is wavelength dependent. Our laser is essentially a single wavelength, so we won’t ponder it further now).
Anyway, back to the laser projector. It was apparent to me from the original video that there were significant diffraction patterns around each Protozoa, and Alan’s video (with much smaller critters) is primarilly full of diffraction patterns. It is my believe that most of the light passing through these drops is actually propagating via diffraction (much like Gabor’s inline holograms) rather than simple projection. The laser beam doesn’t form a small point inside the droplet, it is much closer to being a single collimated beam. This means that potentially the methods used for digital inline holography could be applied to this very simple experimental setup.
More thoughts on this as they occur.